Caring for People with Intellectual Disabilities

Caring for People with Intellectual Disabilities 2.2 Example of causes of intellectual disability that occur during or immediately following birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects. Example 1: Prematurity and low birth weight predict serious problems more often than any other conditions. Difficulties in the birth process such as temporary oxygen deprivation cause intellectual disability. Source: The Arc for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities . (n.d.). Retrieved from www.thearc.org/page.aspx?pid=2453. Main characteristics: The main characteristic of low birth baby is that they may have breathing problems. If the baby is born to soon there is a great chance that the baby’s lungs will be underdeveloped because of that they may have problems in receiving oxygen. The baby may also have trouble in maintaining a normal body temperature and they may become hypothermic( too cold) Example 2: Trauma: It occurs because of serious injury. We can say a serious shock to the body due to violence or accident. Source: AAIDD American Association on Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://aaidd.org/docs/default-source/events/harvey-trauma-8-15.pdf. Main characteristics: They may have difficulties in concentration due to painful memories or thoughts. They may face difficulty in sleep. Because of that they feel tired. 2.3 Give two examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during childhood years and describe the impact on the day to day support needs of the person. Example 2: Meningitis: meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, the covering of the brain and spinal cord. It is most of caused by infection but can also be produced by chemical irritation, subarachnoid, cancer and other conditions. Bacterial meningitis may result in brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, behaviour changes, high fever, sensitivity to light and confusion. Source: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/meningitis/en/. Task 3: Describe condition frequently associated with the intellectual disability. Condition 1: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Cause: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is growth, physical and mental problems. It mainly affects the baby when a mother consumes alcohol during her pregnancy. Source: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Bulletin of the World Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/6/11-020611/en/. Physical support: provide them loving, nurturing and stable home life. However children with foetal alcohol syndrome have harmful relationship, therefore early diagnoses have more positive outcome.it also help the family members to understand the reaction and behaviour of the child. Assist them with daily living activities like showering, toileting, dressing and feeding. Provide them physiotherapy so they can make their muscle strong. Regular medical check-up is also helpful to maintain their health. Social support: As the children with foetal alcohol syndrome are very hyperactive. Behaviour management training is very useful for them. This will help them to learn about manners and how they can release their stress. they may have difficulty to interact with different people so provide them opportunities for friendship. Take them out and involve them into social activities. Cognitive support: Provide them education about good behaviour. Provide them planned and reasonable methods to education.so that they can improve their ability to think more effectively. Provide them educational opportunity like they can join some educational programme where they can learn new skills. Condition 2: Autism Causes: no study has found the exact cause of autism but the researchers has pointed out few possible factors which includes genetic (heredity), metabolic or neurological factors, infections and problems during birth. Source: World Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/qa/85/en/. Physical support: The person with autism may find difficulties in activities of daily living. They may find difficulties in showering, toileting, dressing, undressing and feeding. We can help them to do their personal care and in feeding. We can provide occupational therapy for them.it will help them to manage their stress and they can feel relax. We can also help them to set their routine. Social support: they may have difficulty to interact with different people so provide them opportunities for friendship. Take them out and involve them in different activities like social club or offer specific advice about interaction. Help them to learn social rules using logic like how they have to talk and behave with others, manners and body language. Cognitive support: we can provide them speech and language therapy it will help them to learn speech and language skills.so that they can speak clearly. Parent and family member can learn how to play and interact with their child in way that permote cognitive skill. We can provide them some mind games like bingo or quiz so that they can use their mind.it will help them to think logically. Condition 3: Prader – Willi Syndrome CAUSE: Prader – Willi Syndrome is caused by a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Basically, parents release a copy of this chromosome. In most cases patients with prader – willi syndrome have missing the genetic material on part of the father chromosome. Other patients with this problem have two pairs of the mother’s chromosome 15. Source: Main characteristics: Children with Prader- willi syndrome may have poor muscle tone. They may feel floppy or rag dolls when they are held.Elbows and knees loosely extended due to poor muscles tone instead of stable. People with Prader willi syndrome may have different facial feature. They may have almond shaped eyes, a narrowing of the head at the temple and turned down mouth etc. Motor development often delays with this syndrome. They may have delay in sitting up and walking. they also have speech delay problem. Physical support: Children with prader willi syndrome are at higher risk of developing fatness or size due to excessive eating. The proper weight management can be helpful for them to maintain their weight. If they want to eat more and more distract their mind by giving them other activities like music, games. Set an exercise plan so that they can become strong. Social support: we can provide social support to the children/person with prader willi syndrome. We can take them out or take them in interesting places. Where they can engage with other people and can connect with them socially. We have to give them some activities that are not related to food so that they cannot concentrate only on food. Encourage them to join some support clubs. there are many clubs who support to the children with this syndrome. They help them to interact socially with people and help them to manage their diet. Cognitive support: provide them education. They might have speech problem and learning problems. Provide them a speech therapist so that they can learn some speech skills. Educate them about managing their own diet and how they can make a routine about their regular diet.

In this portfolio I will take you on the journey which I myself have travelled on throughout my IB theatre programme Essay

In this portfolio I will take you on the journey which I myself have travelled on throughout my IB theatre programme. Within this portfolio I will portray the processes which we as a group went through in order to create our devised piece as well as how we applied our knowledge and understanding from our experiences into our performance design. The Stimuli Our production began with each member of the group producing a stimulus. Before presenting their ideas we decided that we should individually analyse the stimuli and see what we as individuals could come up with. We did this before the member of the group voiced their ideas on their chosen stimulus so that we had the opportunity to take the stimulus along different paths and elaborate different ideas and amalgamate them together. Belo is our stimulus’ and our ideas which we had on each. After having discussed the available options which included images, music and objects of sentimental value we decided to use my stimuli. My stimulus was of a newspaper article that had been widely distributed throughout the UK. We then discussed the direction we wished to take with our chosen stimuli. We again split into different areas of the room to individually assess our dilemma. Below is the mind map which I created at this time. After thorough discussion we agreed upon the concept of using a ‘current affairs dilemma’ in order to solve our own. Our group was fascinated by the political outrage that Iran had caused with America in regards to capital punishment on women. The Research and Development of the plot Thorough research shown how on the 20th September 2010 Iranian Government publicly accused the US of ‘Double Standards’ in a newspaper article published in ‘The Guardian’. Centred on a 43 year old Iranian, Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani and a 43 year old American Theresa Lewis. Ashtiani was issued with capital punishment in 2007 after it emerged that she had an illicit affair with a man after the death of her husband in 2006; this was later revoked and she was charged with adultery, manslaughter and the murder of her husband. After heavy media attention in 2010 and the international campaigns lead by her children, the US decided to interfere. It was at this point that the political and controversial debate first took form. Iran used the case of Theresa Lewis and the issues surrounding her low IQ of 72 in order label the US Government as a hypocrisy. As a group we decided to build upon the idea that this issue was now a well known moral dilemma in the eyes of the media and transfer this to our audience. Preparation of roles Due to a shortage in group members most people on role allocation ended up with multiple roles outside of casting. As a strong leader I was required to both direct and create our script. Other roles distributed included head of lighting, head of technology (computer, projections, music), Costume designer/set designer and also a physical movement leader. After having directed a scene in both our performances of ‘The Seagull’ Anton Chekhov and also our modernized performance of Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ I had already gained experience on my course for this role. Previously I had directed a scene from ‘The Seagull’ based upon the German movement in the 20th Century, Expressionism. I had began reviewing work from Georg Kaiser, Oskar Kokoschka and Ernst Toller whom were all highly influential playwrights. As I had already worked hard to gain understanding of this tradition I really hoped I would be able to use this experience. Following on from this I began thinking that maybe I could find a tradition for each country involved in order to uniquely apply my imagination to our piece. After thorough research however it was evident that Iran had not really adapted a specific practice in order for us to carry out this desire. Whilst researching I stumbled across the book pictured below and I was struck with the words â€Å"most people do not speak of theater and Iran in the same breath† By Willem Floor Because of this we decided to change tact and opt to symbolise the juxtaposition instead through lighting and staging. The Script As well as directing, my role was also to produce the script. After having seen a production of Willy Russell’s ‘Blood Brothers’ I was fascinated by the narration used. ‘Blood Brothers’ based upon the separation of two twin brothers at birth uses, a narrator to guide the play. I took inspiration from this and used the rhyming couplet format in order to symbolise the two women. Before penning the script we produced a flow chart collectively annotating the main plot and adding aspects of theatre which we had learnt on our journey. Below is a copy of our chart. After having an outline of things to be included in the script I began by listing all of the main things we wished the narrator to introduce in the play. We had a vision that the narrator would guide the play throughout through facts and that he would create a connection between the audience and the cast. Because of this the narrator’s speech was conducted first in its entirety. From here it really felt as though my script had a strong ‘spine’ on which to build our piece. As our piece began with a police interview we wished to keep it at a very simplistic level of speech just like that of a real interview. We decided on stage direction so that the interviewer was not visible throughout; leaving the actress playing Ashtiani alone on stage to symbolise how she was alone and not supported when interrogated. It was at this point that we reflected upon our past workshops based upon speech and theatrical forms in which we can convey speech. A workshop came to mind from the previous term where we had built upon the idea of a ‘sound collage’. A sound collage is where there is a build up of speech from multiple participants aimed at a particular subject. We decided that this would be a way of communicating to the audience a sense of anger or revolt; because of this we attached it to the chart in relation to the campaign against Astiani’s sentence as we felt this would have a strong effect. Another was that symbolism was used through my script writing was through Ashtiani and Lewis’ monologues; again showing how they were both alone yet in the same situation. We began our course creating a ‘one-person’ show based upon a real life event or experience which we had within our lives. Within my ‘one-person’ show I had a vast majority of my speech presented as a monologue and I wished to transfer my craftsmanship of producing monologues into our script. In order to create the monologues I first had to visualise the characters whom would be performing them. Because they were both real women I was able to complete a lot more thorough research into them gaining a better portrayal as them as individuals. From this I concentrated on themes and emotions which I wished to get across to my audience through the monologues. I learnt that Ashtiani and Lewis alike were very religious thus concentrated their monologues from a very philosophical and religious point of view: however I still kept in mind that their two religions were very different and ensured that I kept the appropriate context throughout (e.g. Allah instead of God for Ashtiani). Whilst researching our topic we had found that there had been a lot of media attention on both cases and we wished to portray to the audience just how much the media had been involved: also we wanted to show them how much people are influenced by the media. For the section of our chart where we introduce Teresa Lewis an idea was formed so that she would be introduced through a television broadcast. I began this section of the script by visualising a news reporter sat at a desk within the audience speaking directly at them. This idea developed and led us to have another cast member as a journalist actually interviewing Lewis at her correction centre. The idea of another interview type dialogue was to portray the two women’s differences in the way they were being interviewed and questioned. Allocating Roles To begin with it was decided that it would be best to create a mindmap of suggested roles that would need to be filled in order to go ahead with the production. Below is a copy of our mind map However we issued a problem when it came to the casting of roles. As we only had two female members of our group we were automatically cast as the two women. This then left us with three males to cover a total of six casting roles; because of this we had to organise ourselves in a way that allowed each male to cater to two parts without them conflicting. We managed to do this by using a theatre practice wisely after an idea emerged that the narrator would be in the style of a ‘Bunraku puppet master’ the ‘omozukai’. We were first introduced to Bunraku puppetry by our elder Baccalaureate students who provided us with a workshop. We decided that everything in the production should be under the narrators control like puppets would be; in a way the narrator could be seen as the controlling governments holding the women for their crime. Introducing this style allowed for a lot of stylised movement pieces throughout our performance. Characterisation After having been allocated our roles we wanted each cast member to fully understand their character whether it be an officer of the law, a journalist or one of the women themselves. We provided each member of the group with an image relating to their character Below is the image I was provided with along with how I answered certain questions given to me by my peers in order to develop my characterisation. It was at this point we experimented using a technique called ‘hot seating’ in order to enhance characterisation. We each took it in turns to be questioned in character. Everybody found it highly difficult at first however after a few minutes everyone managed to get the hang of it. We also brought in aspects we had learnt from our workshop on Stanislavski in how to apply his theories. We continued building on our characterisation by looking for resources. I found a particularly good resource online [2] from amnesty international which was not only personal but also highly emotive. In particular this helped me with my monologue as I was able to feel connected to my character in order to portray the appropriate emotions. There was a great discussion between the group as to whether we should apply accents or not. It was decided that we should not apply accents but that we should be highly expressive and use the gift of sound/speech in other more appropriate ways such as our sound collages. Movement From a very early stage of production I had a very vivid image of where I would ideally see the piece going in terms of movement. I really enjoyed both Kabuki theatre as well as improvised dance. We tried to incorporate the two into the scene that the Iranian officials came to collect Ashtiani’s lover. We tried a lot of improvised movements however found that the final product was much disorganised and we really wanted this scene to be both memorable and pivotal so we decided to journey down another path. Further discussion led us onto tableaux however after a short workshop this idea was also disregarded on the ground that the scene should have a content of movement in order to emphasise the brutal separation of the lovers. From this we organised a lesson where we explored the idea of using creative movement on the basis of a fight. We choreographed a routine using levels to show who was in control and also pace to highlight certain features. In the end the product for this movement piece in my eyes was highly effective in the way it showed the lovers being torn apart by their government and law. Masks Whilst developing our first scene we had to identify the difference in authority to the audience. We also had to show the difference in characters through this method due to the males playing more than one character. After having workshops on masks previously we were aware that the purpose of masks in Greek theatre was to signify the unity of a chorus: because of this we used them for our two Iranian officials as they had no speech during their time on stage. The idea of the masks was to create exaggerated facial features portraying the anger and authority associated with that scene yet at the same time disguise the actors true selves. The mask allowed us to show the contrast between the different levels of hierarchy within the scene as well as symbolise the isolation that the couple were feeling being faced with ‘masked intruders’. Music When devising our piece it was decided that our piece required two pieces of music. There was one necessary at the time of the movement scene where the Iranian couple are separated. We found a piece of music by ‘Radio head’ entitled ‘Talk show host’. The tempo of the song was highly appropriate to the atmospheric desire as it showed confusion, regret and desire all at once. The lyrics in the song such as ‘You want me? Well come on and break the door down†¦You want me?'[3] we believed were perfectly fitting for the scene. We were able to synchronise our movement so that our choreography was carried out in time to both the music and in time with other cast members. There was also another piece of music entitled ‘We are the World’ by ‘Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson’ to be played at the very end of the performance. This particular piece of music I believe thoroughly puts the world into perspective emphasising the importance of life which at the end of the performance is taken from the women. Lighting Due to there being two separate stories going on at one time on the stage the lighting was crucial. We used 2 spotlights (1 for each female character) with colour faded reflective lighting upstage. The flood lights used were chosen appropriately especially in terms of colour. For example green was used to portray coldness whereas red was used to show anger. We tried a variety of colours for the movement scene however in the end after a lot of trial and error we finally agreed on red fading through to blue to show the anger from the officials resulting in the blue for the loneliness and sadness. I really enjoyed experimenting with the lighting as not only did I learn a lot but we were also able to show the juxtaposition. Staging For our staging we tried to show the contrast through black and white flooring, curtains and backdrop. Not only did the black and white create the impression of harsh and soft but it also symbolised the two races. Below is a sketch of how we designed the set. The idea was that neither side crossed the boundary set out in the middle. We placed 2 old fashioned chairs back to back for the two women in the centre of the stage for them to be seated on at the end. Other than the 2 chairs there were no other props on the stage. Because we tried to use a very simplistic set design we compensated for this with a projector carefully placed to project newspaper headlines onto the white cloth background. Also attached to the backdrop was metal shackles which Ashtiani’s wrists were placed into to set the scene of her cell as well as show the restraints that she had against her: Lewis however had nothing but the chair and was not restrained in any way to show the two sides of the world two political views on law enforcement. As a whole I really enjoyed making the set as well as designing it. Although we encountered a few problems setting up the projector and laying out the flooring I was very happy with the outcome. The finished product was highly symbolic which was totally what we were aiming for. Bibliography [1] http://orangehouse.tumblr.com/post/778392704/campaign-for-iranian-woman-facing-death-by-stoning [2] http://www.amnesty.org.uk/actions_details.asp?ActionID=706 [3] http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/talk-show-host-lyrics-radiohead/193ae81bd7d8a3fb4825686600141d5f

Jobs on Human Resource and Criminal Justice Essay

There are a lot of jobs in Human Resource field. A job website shows fifty human resource jobs in New York, forty one in Atlanta, thirty nine in Houston, thirty five in Dallas, thirty one in Chicago, twenty two in Los Angeles, twenty in San Jose, twenty in Austin, and other around one hundred and twenty nine in other areas. There are different positions which are in demand and few of these are HR Administrative and HR Administrative Assistant in Le Parker Meridien, Human Resource Administrator in Bloomingdale’s, Human Resource Generalist in Advertising in Towne Search, Corporate Employee Benefits Specialist in Riddick Group-Executive, Business Office Manager, Human Resource Generalist in Impact Personnel,Inc, Payroll Administrator and HR Associate, HR Business partner, Human Resource Development, Time Attendance Administrator, Compensation and HRIS, Director Human Resource, Talent Representative, Attorney Recruiting Project Assistant, Global HR and Tech, International Compensation Manager, Employment Standards Relationship Manager, Benefits Coordinator, HR Operations Manager, Senior Implementation Manager, HRIS Analyst, Recruitment and Retention Coordinator, Director of Fun, HR is one of the most important functions in an organization and it needs to perform very carefully so that every decision taken is fair and transparent. The responsibility of HR is to make the employees comfortable and the work place an ideal one for them. The greater the efficiency of the human resources department, the better the workplace environment and the employee motivation to work in the organization (Robbins & Judge, 2004). Criminal Justice Job vacancies are also in the market but relatively less in number than HR jobs. There are approximately fifty one jobs available in UK, five in Wales, one in Scotland, forty two in England, four in Yorkshire and Humberside, two in East Midlands, twenty five in Greater London, two in East of England and five in South East. There is City Attorney position in, Madison Alabama, victim or witness coordinator in Hudson Wisconsin, Assistant County Attorney in Los Alamos New Mexico, and Police Officer in Madison Wisconsin. Other vacant position include Communications Officer paid approximately ? 15 to 16 per hour, Social Worker for a youth offending team paid ? 19 to 23 per hour, Probation Officer paid approximately ? 25 per hour, Secretary General in International Commission of Jurists, Counter Fraud Specialist, Probation Prosecutor, Domestic Violence trainer, Senior Consultants and many more. But the popular one and one with most number of vacancies is Youth Offending Team. Apart from YOT a lot of Social Workers are required in the market to intervene and prevent crime.

Prerequisite for comprehensive revelations in biotechnology patent application - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2478 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? PREREQUISITE FOR COMPREHENSIVE REVELATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENT APPLICATION INTRODUCTION A patent is a monopoly right that has been granted to a person who has invented a new and useful article; or an improvement to an existing one or a new process of making an article. The patent consists of an exclusive right to manufacture the new invented or manufactured article according to the invented procedure for a period of limited period that is a period of 20 years in accordance to Indian Patent Act of 1970. An invention may be granted patents only when its core pre-requites of novelty, inventive step and capability of the invention in industrial applicability is met. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prerequisite for comprehensive revelations in biotechnology patent application" essay for you Create order The variance and disputes in the process of patenting products related to biotechnology ascend because the conception of patent law was made to placate the requirements of industrial technology. However, the initiation of biotechnology compelled the patent laws to be more aptly reformed to match the prerequisites of science and technology. The traditional concepts with regards to application for patents and other formalities were reformed to accommodate to the innovations made in the field of biotechnology. The three universally criteria of patentability are novelty, non – obviousness and industrial application or utility. These apply to all inventions including biotechnological inventions.[1] Nevertheless, patenting life or living beings is challenging because it is doubtful whether the patent protection will be granted to living matters. Bio technology inventions are difficult to describe. There is an ambiguity in considering biotechnology as an invention or as a discovery.[ 2] Hence it was realized that the requirements of the traditional patent law are not enough to test the patentability of the bio technological inventions due to the inherent complexities and technicalities. To overcome these issues, a solution was formulated in the form of deposits of the invention in any recognized depositories. The Budapest treaty recognizes international depositories where inventions relating to living matters may be deposited and maintained for the purpose of patent protection, and further it may be accompanied for patent application for further approval. The essential requirements that bio technological inventions for being granted patent require the subject matter to be patentable. The invention must have novelty and it must be non-obvious. Along with the above criteria, the parent must have some industrial utility. In addition to the above, in cases of biotechnological patents, there must be a written description of disclosure of the invention and the inventi on must be deposited in any recognized depositories.[3] NEED FOR COMPLETE DISCLOSURE The crucial document in the whole process of securing and relying upon a patent is the specification.[4] The description must be such that it must clearly allow the persons of ordinary skill in the art to recognize that the inventor invented what it has claimed.[5] Enablement i.e., how to be made and how to be used is a need for the patent practisers. The method of making an enabling disclosure is amply illustrated by the Indian Patent Act which provides that every specification shall fully and particularly describe the invention and is operation or use and the method by which it is to be performed. Section 64 of the Indian Patent Act, 1970 deals with revocation of a patent application on grounds of incomplete disclosure. Determining the insufficiency of the disclosure requires consideration of the particular invention, nature and state of development of the prior art, knowledge, kinds and deg ree of skills and experience of one killed in the art.[6] Best Mode: the Indian parent law requires an applicant for patent to set forth the best mode which beans the best experiments with the best conditions giving the best possible yield.[7] This disclosure is directed to those skilled in the art and once must consider the level of skill in the relavant art in determining whether a specification discloses the best mode or not. Budapest Treatyof 1977: this treaty was entered by states for the international recognition of the deposit of micro organisms for patent procedure.[8] Subsequent to the requirement of the TRIPS agreement, the indian patent act has been amended providing that, in the case of a mentioning of a biological material in the specification which may not be described in such a way as to satisfy the requirements for a specification, the application shall be completed by depositing the material in an International Depository Authority under the Budapest Treaty. T he same has been mentioned as a proviso (ii) to Section 10 sub clause (4). WRITTEN FORM OF DESCRIPTION An invention must be described in a written form. This is a necessary condition to be satisfied for the grant of patent. In addition to fulfilling the requirements such as novelty, non – obviousness and industrial application, an inventor must sufficiently disclose the invention known to the inventor.[9] The written description shall provide for details of the invention, in a complete, clear and concise manner and shall disclose the best mode of processing, making and using the invention to enable a person skilled in the art to utilize the invention. In general terms, the requirement is to disclose ‘how to make’ the invention and ‘how to use the invention’.[10] The requirement of written description of the invention serves the purpose of evaluating the inventor whether he does possess the invention at the time of filing the patent application. Written description is a public notice that the inventor possesses the invention. [11] The development of law relating to written description requirement is of recent origin. The requirement of written description was historically not well delineated. ***** It has recently come to represent a heightening of the patentability bar with respect to bio technology inventions. For many years the requirement was interpreted to mean description to enable a person skilled in the art to practice. With the advent of bio technology, patent offices and law courts started interpreting the requirement of written description stringently to check the scope of inventions of biotechnology. The requirement of written description is strictly imposed in order to confine and limit the scope of the invention to what is described in the application.[12] APPLICABILITY OF INDIAN PATENT ACT India is no different as far as written description of biotechnology inventions is concerned. The patents act stat es that the patent application shall be accompanied by the complete specification or provisional specification of the invention. The application must be accompanied by provisional or complete specification.[13]The patent act of 1970 deals with the patents that are claimed within the territory of India. Section 10[14] of the Patents Act, 1970 deals with clear and complete disclosure of the product or invention. Section 10(4) (a)[15] of the Act exemplifies the enablement and the requirements for written descriptions and on the other hand, section 10(4) (b)[16] emphasis that the applicant shall disclose the invention on the basis of the best mode of performing of the invention. The specification must describe the invention, its operation or use with the help of drawings if necessary. If the applicant does not give complete specification of the invention at the time of filing the application, he can file the complete specification within 12 months there after filing of the application. Further, the specification must disclose the best mode performing the invention, which is known to the applicant[17]. In case of claiming the priority of an application filed earlier, priority shall be given only when the earlier application does not give the complete specification of the invention to enable a person skilled in the art to practice the invention in the best possible way. [18] Further, the specification shall define the scope of the claimed invention with claim or claims on the invention. The patent act was amended latest by 2005 keeping in mind the necessity of deposit of invention in case of biotechnology patents. The amendment recognized Budapest treaty of 1977for facilitating the deposit of biotechnology inventions for the sake of patent procedure. [19] A biotechnology patent application must be accompanied by a deposit of the invention in any recognized depository as recognized by the government of India through notification in the official gazette. The name a nd address of the depository and the date of deposit shall be mentioned in the application. Further, the access number issues to the deposited invention shall also be mentioned in the application. There is no case law development with regard to the fulfilment of written description requirement by biotechnology inventions in India. Since the biotechnology industry is an infant stage in India and only since 2005 India is granting patents on biotechnology invention, there is no substantiate development of law in this regard. However, the disclosure of the invention through specification while making the patent application is a prerequisite for the grant of patent. In contrast to the patent law of the United States of America and of the European Union, the Indian Patents Act mandates the disclosure of source and geographic origin of the biological material used in producing the claimed biotechnology invention. The bio diversity act, 2001 read the claimed biotechnology invention shall be disclosed and mentioned in the patent protection application to share the benefits of the patents to the geographical regions which conserved the resource. The TRIPS agreement does not require the mentioning of the origin of the resources. However, the convention on the biological diversity states that the origin of the biological resources used shall be acknowledged and the geographical regions shall be given a share in the benefits of such usage. In fact, it is a crucial issue where the CBD and the TRIPS do contradict. However, having ratified both the agreement, India does provide in its patents laws that the patent application claiming a biotechnology invention is complete only when it discloses the source of the resourced used. Written description of the invention is a core principle of patent law. An invention shall be described in a clear and comprehensive manner in order to enable a killed person in the art to practise the invention. The requirement of written descrip tion has been applied to biotechnological invention in varied forms. In case of biotechnological invention the written description has to furnish the chemical and physical properties of the invention along with its structure and sequences. However, in every case, it is not possible to describe a biotechnological invention in a clear and comprehensive manner. Due to the fact that biotechnological inventions are living beings it may not always be possible to describe the invention as required under the patent laws. So the practice of depositing the claimed invention has been adopted to satisfy the written description requirement. It is accepted that the deposit of deposit of the invention fulfils the requirement of a written description. A deposit of the invention serves as an additional security to the inventor in claiming the patent and also helps in rebutting claims of invalidity against the patent. A biotechnology invention, which satisfies the requirements of novelty, non-obvi ousness, utility and written description is patentable provided that the invention falls within the range of matters which are patentable. The patent law states that a biotechnology invention, which is not a patentable subject matter, cannot be patented though it may satisfy the requirements of patentability. It is a settled principle in the patent law that a bio technology invention is patentable only when it does fall within the purview of patentable subject matter. Difficulties arise in determining the novelty and non-obviousness of biotechnology inventions. The fact that biotechnology inventions are living beings which are manipulated from their earlier position of natural existence to possess certain desired characteristics to give rise to certain difficulties. As per the present patent law it is believed that things or living beings existing in nature are products of nature, which are not patentable. It is also believed that addition of human ingenuity to these products of nat ure renders then product of man. Therefore, the difference between products of nature and products of man and the point from where a product of nature becomes a product of man are very significant in deciding the novelty and non-obviousness of biotechnology inventions. However, the utility of biotechnology inventions is undisputed. Further, the satisfaction of the requirement of written description is also problematic in case of biotechnology inventions. It is felt that it may not be possible to describe a biotechnology invention in a clear and complete manner. Therefore, difficulty arises in satisfying the requirement of written description. CONCLUSION In order to compensate the non-fulfilment of written description requirement deposit of the invention is recommended. It is believed that deposit of the invention serves the purpose of describing the invention in order to enable the person skilled in the art to practice the invention in the best possible way[20]. With the comin g into being of the TRIPS agreement throughout the world patent laws have been harmonized. Now in all the member states of the TRIPS agreement, the requirements of patentability of biotechnology inventions are uniform. Therefore, a biotechnology invention satisfying the requirements of novelty, non – obviousness, industrial application and written description or deposit of the invention is patentable throughout the world. REFERENCES: Dr. Sreenivasulu, N.S. and Dr. Raju C.B.; Biotechnology and Patent Law – Patenting of Living Beings; 1st Edition 2008; Manupatra Albany Law Journa of science and technology; David Kelly; ‘ The federal circuit transforms the written description requirement into a biotech – specific hurdle to obtaining patent protection for bio technology patents;† 2002 TRIPS Agreement Elizabeth Verkey; Law of Patent; 2nd Edition; eastern book company. [1] Jayashree Watal, Intellectual Property Rights in the World Trade Organization and Developing countries, New Delhi; Oxford University Press; Published on 2001, 3rd Impression 2002; Page No. 132. [2] M.S. Swaminathan. An introduction to guiding principles in the decisions on patent law, Delhi; Bhari Brothers, 2000 pg: 331 [3] Budapest Treaty of 1977 provides for the establishment and recognition of international depositories to deposit inventions of life forms and other bio technological inventions for the grant of patent along with patent application. [4] Lord Hatherley in Arnold vs. Bradbury (1871) 6 Ch App 706 [5] Vas-cath inc. vs. D. Mahukar (935 F 2d 1555) (Fed Cir 1991) [6] A.B. Dick Co. vs. Barnett [288 Fed 799(2nd Cir 1923)] [7] Supra Note 9 [8] Art 1, Budapest treaty [9]TRIPS agreement: Article 29 – Conditions on patent applicant. [10] Albany Law Journa of science and technology; David Kelly; ‘ The federal circuit transforms the written description requirement into a biotech – specific hurdle to obtaining patent protection for bio technology patents;† 2002 [11] Patentability of Bio technology Pg. 105 [12] The later claim over and above the earlier claim will not receive the benefit of the earlier filing date. [13] The patent act stands amended latest by 2005. Section 9: Provisional and complete specification. [14] Section 10 of Indian Patent Act, 1970 – Contents of Specifications. [15] 10.Contents of specifications (4) Every complete specification shall- (a) fully and particularly describe the invention and its operation or use and the method by which it is to be performed; [16] 10.Contents of specifications (4) Every complete specification shall- (b) disclose the best method of performing the invention which is known to the applicant and for which he is entitled to claim protection; [17] ibid [18] Section 11 [19] Patent Amendment Act 2002 [20] Electric and Musical Industries Ltd. Vs. Lissen Ltd. (1939) 56 RPC 23